1] There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews:
[2] The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him.
[3] Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.
[4] Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born?
[5] Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.
The above is from the Gospel of John Chapter 3.
Jesus tells Nicodemus that you must be born of water and of spirit to see the Kingdom of God. This dialogue with Nicodemus lead us into the "famous" John 3-16 "Whosoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life."
I think the "essential doctrine" in any church is in regard to salvation. How do we get to heaven? What does it mean to be born of water and spirit? Is it as simple as just believing in Jesus as John 3-16 says?
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